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Mexico City is the capital and largest city of Mexico, as well as a megacity and cultural hub. Learn about its history, geography, demographics, politics, economy, culture, and more from this comprehensive article.
- Mexico — Wikipédia
Mexico, officiellement la ville de Mexico (en espagnol :...
- History of Mexico City - Wikipedia
The history of Mexico City stretches back to its founding...
- Mexico City - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de México; abbreviated CDMX) is...
- Mexico — Wikipédia
Mexico, officiellement la ville de Mexico (en espagnol : Ciudad de México /sjuˈða(ð) ðe ˈmexiko/ Écouter, en abrégé CDMX) est une entité fédérative 1 et la capitale du Mexique 2. Cette entité fédérative n'est ni une ville ni un État au sens des articles 43, 44 et 122 de la Constitution mexicaine 3.
Mexico (en espagnol Ciudad de México) est la capitale et la ville la plus peuplée du Mexique. Elle est située dans le centre du pays, dans la vallée de Mexico, un plateau d'une altitude de 2 250 mètres. ventilés en 133 catégories. La cathédrale métropolitaine sur le Zócalo.
- The Aztec City-State of Tenochtitlan
- Colonial Period 1521–1821
- Independence to The Mexican Revolution
- 20th Century to Present
- See Also
- Further Reading
- External Links
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Founding
The Aztecs were one of the last of the Nahuatl-speaking peoples who migrated to this part of the Valley of Mexico after the fall of the Toltec Empire. Existing inhabitants resisted their presence, but the Aztecs established a city on a small island on the western side of Lake Texcoco. The Aztecs themselves had a story about how their city was founded after their principal god, Huitzilopochtli, led them to the island. According to the story, the god indicated their new home with a sign, an eag...
Tenochtitlan at its height
Thirteen years after the founding of Tenochtitlan, the population of the islet had grown and there was internal strife. A portion of the population left and went to the nearby island of Tlatelolco, establishing a monarchy there, with their first ruler being Acamapitzin. Shortly thereafter, the people of Tenochtitlan had their own monarchy. The two cities became rivals. Eventually, Tenochtitlan conquered Tlatelolco eliminating its rulers and incorporated the city into Tenochtitlan and was name...
Growth of city
After the conquest, the Spaniards generally left the existing Nahua city-states or altepetl largely intact, but Mexico City was an exception since it became the seat of Spanish political power. It was established as a ciudad de españoles (city of Spaniards) and initially kept the remnants of its prehispanic place name, being called "Mexico-Tenochtitlan". No longer the seat of Aztec power, the Spaniards allowed two areas to be ruled through Nahua governors (gobernadores) and town councils (cab...
Flooding, the Desagüe, and environmental changes
Since Mexico City was built on an island in the center of a large but shallow lake system, flooding became a serious issue during the colonial period. Spaniards denuded hillsides of their trees from the early conquest era on, so that mud and silt made the lake system even shallower, exacerbating the periodic flooding. Spaniards had not maintained the Aztec drainage system, which included a major dike. Major floods in Mexico City were recorded in 1555, 1580, 1604, and 1607, indigenous labor wa...
Political power
By the 1530s, Mexico City was given jurisdiction over other town councils of New Spain[citation needed]and quickly established itself as the most populous and powerful city in the Americas. Like that of the Aztecs, the Spaniards' grasp extended well beyond the capital and the Valley of Mexico—only much farther. As the site of the viceroyalty of New Spain and archbishopric of Mexico, as well as economic elites, Mexico City was the center of power. Socially, the viceregal government and ecclesi...
Mexican Independence and Iturbide
When rebellion against Spanish rule broke out, interests outside of Mexico City would be represented by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, José María Morelos and others. While the nobility in Mexico City also did not like the absolute colonial system, their goal was limited representation and autonomy within the Spanish empire. They decided to make their stand in 1820, after the rural insurgency had been going on for several years, choosing Colonel Agustín de Iturbide to push their interests m...
U.S.–Mexican War
During the Mexican–American War, American forces marched toward Mexico City itself after capturing Veracruz. President Santa Anna first tried blocking their way at Cerro Gordo in the Veracruz highlands. The first battle to defend Mexico City itself was the Battle of Contreras. A fortified hacienda in the town of San Antonio covered the southeastern approach, while the town of San Ángel covered the southwestern. Between them lay a vast, seemingly impenetrable lava field, called El Pedrégal. Ge...
Reform War and Second Empire
Peace did not last long. Santa Anna's losses to the Americans created great discontent among his political opponents who coalesced to call themselves the Reform movement or the Liberals. Those who supported Santa Anna's regime and the power of the Catholic Church were called the Conservatives. The Reform War lasted from 1857 to 1861. For a time, the two factions had parallel governments with the Liberals in Veracruz and the Conservatives in Mexico City. When the Liberals were victorious, Libe...
Loss of democracy and recovery
Mexico City lost its democratically elected mayor and legislature/city council in 1928, which left its urban middle class and workers without legislative redress. The mayor was appointed by the President of Mexico. Residents of the densely populated capital became dependent on the newly formed Party of National Revolution (PNR) to dress its concerns. During the Lázaro Cárdenas presidency (1934–40), the government reduced spending in the capital, leaving infrastructure, such as water, sewage,...
Historic commemorations
In the historic center of Mexico City, the Plutarco Elías Calles administration (1924–28) began placing colonial-style tiles on street corners "on each street that has some history or legend that merits remembrance by means of their old names." This was part of the government's aim to shape public memory in the city, particularly of the Revolution. Many street names were changed to commemorate the deeds of revolutionary heroes, including Francisco Madero, José María Pino Suárez, whose democra...
Growth of the city
In 1900, the population of Mexico City was about 500,000. By the end of the 19th century, the perimeter of the city had noticeably grown again and by 1929, the boundaries lost any sense of regularity. The city had grown to reach Tacuba, Nextengo, Popotla, east of now Metro San Lázaro and Metro Tasqueña, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo to the south and Lomas de Chapultepec and Azcapotzalco to the west and north as the last of the lake dried up. The city continued to modernize at a rapid pace. Old pala...
Historiography
1. Craib, Raymond B. "Mexico City Modern: A Review Essay." Scapegoat Journal (2014) online
In Spanish
1. Nueva Grandeza Mexicana, Salvador Novo. Mexico: Ediciones Era, 1967. 2. Páginas sobre la Ciudad de Mexico: 1469–1987. Mexico: Consejo de la Crónica de la Ciudad de México, 1988.
Primary sources
1. Gallo, Rubén. The Mexico City Reader(Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004) 2. Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco. Life in the Imperial and Loyal City of Mexico in New Spain, and the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico(1554), Translated by Minnie Lee Barrett Shepard et al. Austin: University of Texas Press 1954. 3. Grandeza Mexicana (1604). Bernardo de Balbuena
Learn about the origins and evolution of Mexico City, from its founding as the Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan to its current status as the capital of Mexico. Explore the cultural, political, and economic changes that shaped the city over time.
Learn about the history, geography, and culture of Mexico City, the capital and largest city of Mexico. Find out how it was founded, how it grew, and what challenges it faces today.
La Ciudad de México [n 1] (en náhuatl central: Mexihco Hueyaltepetl, [22] en maya: u noj kaajil México [23] ), antes llamada México, Distrito Federal (México, D. F.), [nota 1] es la capital de México. [25] Es una de las entidades federativas que, junto con treinta y un estados, conforman el país.
Le centre historique de Mexico est la partie à partir de laquelle cette ville s'est développée. En 1987, l'Unesco l'inscrit au patrimoine culturel de l'humanité.
