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The history of Arkansas began millennia ago when humans first crossed into North America. Many tribes used Arkansas as their hunting lands but the main tribe was the Quapaw, who settled in the Arkansas River delta upon moving south from Illinois.
The name Arkansas initially applied to the Arkansas River. It derives from a French term, Arcansas, their plural term for their transliteration of akansa, an Algonquian term for the Quapaw people. These were a Dhegiha Siouan-speaking people who settled in Arkansas around the 13th century.
- Overview
- Early inhabitants, exploration, and European settlement
- Statehood and Civil War
- Arkansas in the 20th and 21st centuries
Arkansas’s earliest inhabitants included indigenous hunting-and-gathering peoples whose cultures flourished about 500 ce. One of the distinctive features of these communities was their use of bluff shelters for seasonal or other short-term residence. Later peoples left large mounds—markers of sacred spaces, public places, and burial sites—as well as other remains along the Mississippi River.
Spanish and French expeditions traveled the Mississippi regions in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the Italian-born French explorer Henri de Tonty founded the Arkansas Post on the lower Arkansas River in 1686. The first permanent white European settlement in what is now Arkansas, it served as a fur-trading centre and a way station for travelers between the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes.
Arkansas’s earliest inhabitants included indigenous hunting-and-gathering peoples whose cultures flourished about 500 ce. One of the distinctive features of these communities was their use of bluff shelters for seasonal or other short-term residence. Later peoples left large mounds—markers of sacred spaces, public places, and burial sites—as well as other remains along the Mississippi River.
Spanish and French expeditions traveled the Mississippi regions in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the Italian-born French explorer Henri de Tonty founded the Arkansas Post on the lower Arkansas River in 1686. The first permanent white European settlement in what is now Arkansas, it served as a fur-trading centre and a way station for travelers between the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes.
By the time Arkansas achieved statehood in 1836, all land titles of the local indigenous peoples—including the Quapaw, Osage, Caddo, Cherokee, and Choctaw—had been withdrawn by the U.S. Congress, and the groups were forced westward into the Indian Territory, the future state of Oklahoma. Violence broke out intermittently along the state’s western border until the late 19th century, when the frontier atmosphere disappeared with the white settlement of the Indian Territory.
Many white settlers brought with them (or purchased) slaves of African descent, which ultimately led Arkansas, like other states of the South, to develop an agricultural economy that was heavily dependent on the institution of slavery. The issue of slavery figured prominently in the decision of 11 Southern states to secede from the union in 1860–61 to form the Confederate States of America; this act ultimately ignited the American Civil War. Arkansas was the ninth state to secede, in May 1861, after the Confederate capture of Fort Sumter and Pres. Abraham Lincoln’s subsequent call for volunteers. Union sentiment was strong in northern Arkansas, however, and some 10,000 Arkansans—both white and Black—joined Federal forces. Although many more Arkansans fought for the Confederacy, Little Rock fell to Union troops in 1863, and for the next decade the state was a political battleground between the supporters of secession and the imposed Republican government of the North.
In the 20th century Arkansas shifted away from its cotton-focused agricultural base to a diverse economy with significant manufacturing and services components. The change began in the 1930s, by which time a vast gulf had emerged between the sharecroppers and other tenant farmers on one end of the social scale and the managers and landlords on the other. (The owners of small farms or businesses constituted another class.) Through the establishment of the Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union, the sharecroppers were able to improve their conditions considerably, as well as influence the national farm policy of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt and his successors. Over the next several decades, mechanization of agriculture and the shift from cotton farming to the cultivation of rice and soybeans virtually eliminated the sharecropper—though not the rural poor.
Meanwhile, the effects of the Great Depression (1929–c. 1939) in Arkansas were amplified by several years of drought, forcing many farmworkers to turn fully—and permanently—to other sorts of labour. During the next decade, World War II (1939–45), with its large number of soldiers and defense-related industries, extended changes to the most isolated parts of Arkansas. By the early 21st century, not only had agriculture been eclipsed by the combined total of the state’s diverse service activities as the principal component of the economy, but, like many of its neighbours to the north, the state had become largely urbanized.
The era of the civil rights movement was a tense time in Arkansas’s history. Orval E. Faubus, governor from 1954 to 1967, resisted a federal court order to integrate Black and white students in the public schools. In 1957 Little Rock Central High School became the focus of national and international attention as federal troops were deployed to the campus to force integration.
A landmark political event of the mid-20th century was the election of Winthrop Rockefeller, a Republican, to the governorship; he took office in 1967, breaking a long tradition of Democratic leadership in Arkansas. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries the state produced political figures of national prominence. Arkansas native and long-time governor Bill Clinton, a Democrat, was elected president of the United States for two terms (1993–2001). In 2008 Mike Huckabee, governor from 1996 to 2007, ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination. Indeed, after more than a century of Democratic domination, politics in Arkansas had by the early 21st century entered a more competitive era, with the rapidly growing northwestern corner of the state emerging as a Republican stronghold. Although the Democratic Party continued to control most of the local political offices, Republicans increasingly captured statewide offices, and Arkansas began to vote Republican in the presidential elections.
Il y a 5 jours · Geographical and historical treatment of Arkansas, including maps and a survey of its people, economy, and government. For more than a century after it joined the union (1836), Arkansas retained a largely rural character, but since 1970 there has been rapid economic and urban development in selected areas.
9 nov. 2009 · Arkansas became a state in 1836, after being part of the Louisiana Purchase and a separate territory. Learn more about its history, geography, culture and natural resources from HISTORY.com.
Acquired by the U.S. as part of the Louisiana Purchase, Arkansas Territory was established in 1819; the state’s current boundaries were fixed in 1828. Arkansas became the 25th state in 1836. It seceded in 1861 to join the Confederacy in the American Civil War; it was readmitted to the Union in 1868. Following Reconstruction, a rigid policy of ...
15 juin 2019 · Learn about the history, geography, culture, and symbols of Arkansas, the twenty-fifth state admitted to the Union on June 15, 1836. Find out how Arkansas got its name, flag, seal, and motto, and explore its racial demographics and population statistics.
