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Hongwu (chinois : 洪武 ; pinyin : hóngwǔ) de son vrai nom, Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋, zhū yuánzhāng), né le 21 octobre 1328 dans l'actuel xiǎoxīhé zhèn (zh) (小溪河镇), Xian de Fengyang, province de l'Anhui et mort dans le 24 juin 1398 dans le palais Ming (明故宫) à Nankin, est l'empereur de Chine fondateur de la ...
The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), [b] also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Ming (明太祖), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋; Chu Yüan-chang), courtesy name Guorui (國瑞; 国瑞), was the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1368 to 1398.
- Overview
- Early life
- Emergence as general
- National military leadership
- Reign as emperor
Hongwu (born Oct. 21, 1328, Haozhou [now Fengyang, Anhui province], China—died June 24, 1398, Nanjing) reign name (nianhao) of the Chinese emperor (reigned 1368–98) who founded the Ming dynasty that ruled China for nearly 300 years. During his reign, the Hongwu emperor instituted military, administrative, and educational reforms that centred power ...
The future Hongwu emperor was born in 1328 as Zhu Chongba, a poor peasant of Haozhou (about 100 miles [160 km] northwest of Nanjing, near China’s east coast). Orphaned at 16, he became a monk at the Huangjue monastery near Fengyang to avoid starvation—a common practice for the sons of poor peasants. As a wandering mendicant, he often begged for foo...
One such rebel was Guo Zixing, who in 1352 led a large force to attack and take Haozhou. Zhu joined the rebel forces and changed his name to Zhu Yuanzhang, rising from the ranks to become second-in-command. Guo Zixing, a mere bandit leader, became jealous of Zhu Yuanzhang, who distinguished himself as a military leader. These problems were later mitigated when Zhu Yuanzhang married Guo’s adopted daughter, the princess Ma, who was influential in reconciling the two men.
In 1353 Zhu Yuanzhang captured Chuzhou (now in Anhui province, northwest of Nanjing). Subsequently he received important commissions, gaining a following of outstanding men, some of whom later became officials under the early Ming dynasty. In 1355 Guo Zixing died, and Zhu Yuanzhang took over the leadership of the rebel army.
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Zhu Yuangzhang attacked and captured towns and cities in eastern China and, on reaching the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) delta, encountered educated men of the gentry class. Some decided to join his movement, and Zhu had the foresight to seek their guidance. From them he learned the rudiments of the Chinese language and studied Chinese history and the Confucian Classics. More significantly, he learned the principles of government and built up an effective administration in local areas alongside the military structure. Moreover, he was persuaded by his scholars to present himself as a national leader against the Mongols rather than as a popular rebel. His choice of advisers and his shrewd ability to adopt sound governmental measures ultimately made him the most formidable leader against the Mongols.
Now determined to overthrow the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1206–1368), Zhu marched toward Nanjing and captured it in 1356. Nanjing was a strategic point, close to the rich lands of the Yangtze delta. Proclaiming himself duke of Wu, Zhu established an effective administration over the Nanjing area with the help of the scholars and on their advice refrained from roaming aimlessly from place to place to plunder. He also encouraged agriculture by granting unused land to the landless peasants, but, in spite of his successes, he was still reluctant to proclaim himself king (wang). At that time he acknowledged the Song dynasty pretender, Han Lin’er, as his superior, even though Han was ineffectual.
Zhu now emerged as the national leader against the Mongols, though he had other rivals for power. Chief among them were Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng. Chen Youliang was the self-proclaimed emperor of the Han dynasty and was based in Wuchang (in Hubei province, about 400 miles [650 km] west of Shanghai), controlling a large portion of central China. Zhang Shicheng, the self-proclaimed prince Cheng of the Zhou dynasty, operated at Pingjiang (now Suzhou, in Jiangsu province adjoining the east coast and including Nanjing) in the east.
In 1363 a decisive naval battle at Lake Poyang (south of the Yangtze in the north of Jiangxi province) was fought between Chen Youliang’s huge fleet of war junks and Zhu’s small but swift barges. The three-day battle ended with Chen’s death and the destruction of his fleet. Wuchang, Chen’s stronghold, was captured in 1364, followed by the capture of Hubei, Hunan (a large province west of Jiangxi), and Jiangxi provinces. In the same year Zhu proclaimed himself prince of Wu.
With the south pacified, Zhu sent his generals Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to lead troops against the north. At the beginning of 1368 Zhu finally proclaimed himself emperor of the Ming dynasty, establishing his capital at Nanjing. Hongwu (“Vastly Martial”) was adopted as his reign title, and he is usually referred to as the Hongwu emperor, though Taizu is more strictly correct.
The troops sent to conquer the north were highly successful. Shandong and Henan provinces submitted to Ming authority. By August 1368, Ming troops had entered the Yuan capital of Dadu (later renamed Beijing). The Mongol emperor Shundi fled to Inner Mongolia, and, although Mongol power was not immediately destroyed, historically the Yuan dynasty now came to an end. The rest of the country fell easily as Ming troops subdued first the northwest, then the southwest (Sichuan and Yunnan). Unification was completed by 1382.
The Hongwu emperor was cruel, suspicious, and irrational, especially as he grew older. Instead of eliminating Mongol influence, he made his court resemble the Mongol court, and the despotic power of the emperor was institutionalized for the rest of the dynasty.
One of his political acts was to grant principalities to all his sons, ostensibly from fear of another Mongol invasion, so that the imperial princes could be given military powers to aid the regular armies. A contributing factor was his interest in maintaining personal control over the empire through his sons’ principalities.
6 févr. 2019 · L'Empereur Hongwu (ou Ming Taizu) devait régner jusqu'en 1398, et ses successeurs continuèrent ses efforts pour unifier la Chine grâce à un gouvernement centralisé fort, et consolidèrent ainsi l'emprise de la dynastie Ming.
- Mark Cartwright
- China's Ming dynasty was famous for replacing Mongol rule, increasing trade, constructing Beijing's Forbidden City, and exporting Ming porcelain.
- The Ming dynasty fell because of abuses of power by the ruling class, expensive wars against the Mongols and Japan, and the ambitions of the Manchu...
- China's Ming dynasty was started by Zhu Yuanzhang who initially rebelled against the government's use of forced labour on large construction projects.
La dynastie Ming (chinois : 明朝 ; pinyin : míng cháo 1) est une lignée d'empereurs qui a régné sur la Chine de 1368 à 1644. La dynastie Ming fut la dernière dynastie chinoise dominée par les Han.
13 févr. 2019 · L'empereur Hongwu (r. de 1368 à 1398) fut le fondateur de la dynastie Ming (1368-1644), qui succéda à la dynastie mongole des Yuan (1276-1368) comme souveraine de la Chine. Né paysan sous le nom de Zhu Yuanzhang, le futur empereur prit la tête d'un groupe de rebelles appelé les Turbans rouges et s'empara de la capitale des Yuan ...
HONGWU [HONG-WOU] ou ZHU YUANZHANG (1328-1398) empereur de Chine (1368-1398) Écrit par Pierre-Étienne WILL. 1 067 mots. Fondateur de la dynastie des Ming, Zhu Yuanzhang se proclame empereur avec pour nom de règne Hongwu (nom posthume : Taizu).
