2003
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Lyndon B. Johnson 's tenure as the 36th president of the United States began on November 22, 1963, upon the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and ended on January 20, 1969. He had been vice president for 1,036 days when he succeeded to the presidency.
- Présidence de Lyndon B. Johnson
La présidence de Lyndon B. Johnson débuta le 22 novembre...
- Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson (prononcé : ɪ b), connu sous ses...
- Présidence de Lyndon B. Johnson
La présidence de Lyndon B. Johnson débuta le 22 novembre 1963, date de l'investiture de Lyndon B. Johnson en tant que 36e président des États-Unis à la suite de l' assassinat de John F. Kennedy, et se termina le 20 janvier 1969.
Lyndon Baines Johnson (prononcé : ɪ b), connu sous ses initiales LBJ, né le 27 août 1908 à Stonewall (Texas) et mort le 22 janvier 1973 à Johnson City (Texas), est un homme d'État américain, 36e président des États-Unis, après en avoir été le 37e vice-président.
- Policy Making
- Cold War
- Vietnam War
- Middle East: Six-Day War of 1967
- Latin America
- Western Europe
- South Asia
- List of International Trips
Appointments
President Lyndon B. Johnson's key foreign policy advisors were Dean Rusk, George Ball, McGeorge Bundy, Walt Rostow, Robert McNamara and Clark Clifford. According to historian David Fromkin: All historians agree that Vietnam dominated the administration's foreign policy and all agree the policy was a political disaster on the home front. Most agree that it was a diplomatic disaster, although some say that it was successful in avoiding the loss of more allies. Unexpectedly, North Vietnam after...
Johnson took office during the Cold War, a prolonged state of very heavily armed tension between the United States and its allies on the one side and the Soviet Union and its allies on the other. Johnson was committed to containmentpolicy that called upon the U.S. to block Communist expansion of the sort that was taking place in Vietnam, but he lac...
Background and Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
After World War II, Viet Minh revolutionaries under Indochinese Communist Party leader Ho Chi Minh sought to gain independence from the French Union in the First Indochina War. The 1954 Geneva Agreements had partitioned French Indochina into the Kingdom of Laos, the Kingdom of Cambodia, South Vietnam, and North Vietnam, the latter of which was controlled by the Communist Viet Minh. The Vietnam War began in 1955 as North Vietnamese forces, with the support of the Soviet Union, China, and other...
1965–1966
Rejecting the advice of those who favored an immediate and dramatic escalation of the U.S. role in Vietnam, Johnson waited until early-1965 before authorizing a major bombing campaign of North Vietnam. The subsequent eight-week bombing campaign had little apparent effect on the overall course of the war. In a campaign known as Operation Rolling Thunder, the U.S. would continue to bomb North Vietnam until late-1968, dropping over 800,000 tons of bombs over three and a half years. Operation Rol...
1967 and the Tet Offensive
By the middle of 1967 nearly 70,000 Americans had been killed or wounded in the war, which was being commonly described in the news media and elsewhere as a "stalemate." Nonetheless, Johnson agreed to an increase of 55,000 troops, bringing the total to 525,000. In August, Johnson, with the Joint Chiefs of Staff's support, decided to expand the air campaign and exempted only Hanoi, Haiphong and a buffer zone with China from the target list. Later that month McNamara told a United States Senate...
Johnson's Middle Eastern policy relied on the "three pillars" of Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Iranunder the friendly Shah. High priorities were to minimize Soviet influence, guarantee the flow of oil to the U.S., and protecting Israel and solidifying support from the American Jewish community. In the mid-1960s, concerns about the Israeli nuclear weapo...
Under the direction of Assistant Secretary of State Thomas C. Mann, Washington continued Kennedy's emphasis on the Alliance for Progress, which provided economic aid to speed up economic modernization in Latin America. Like Kennedy, Johnson sought to isolate Cuba, which was under the rule of the Soviet-aligned Fidel Castro. In 1965, the Dominican C...
United Kingdom
Harold Wilson, the British Prime Minister from 1964 to 1970, believed in a strong "Special Relationship" with the United States and wanted to highlight his dealings with the White House to strengthen his own prestige as a statesman. President Johnson disliked Wilson and ignored any "special" relationship. However, when Johnson needed and asked for help to maintain American prestige, Wilson offered only lukewarm verbal support for the Vietnam War.Wilson and Johnson also differed sharply on Bri...
France
As the economies of Western Europe recovered, European leaders increasingly sought to recast the alliance as a partnership of equals. This trend, and his escalation of the Vietnam War, led to tensions within NATO. Johnson's request that NATO leaders send even token forces to South Vietnam were denied by leaders who lacked a strategic interest in the region. West Germany was torn between France and the United States. France pursued independent foreign policies, and in 1966 its President Charle...
Since 1954, the American alliance with Pakistan had caused neutral India to move closer to the Soviet Union. Johnson hoped that a more evenhanded policy towards both countries would soften the tensions in South Asia and bring both nations closer to the United States. He ended the traditional American division of South Asia into 'allies' and 'neutra...
Johnson made eleven international trips to twenty countries during his presidency. He flew 523,000 miles aboard Air Force One while in office. One of the most unusual international trips in presidential history occurred before Christmas in 1967. The President began the trip by going to the memorial service for Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt,...
Lyndon Baines Johnson (/ ˈlɪndən ˈbeɪnz /; August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969.
Learn about the cabinet members, advisors, and policies of Lyndon B. Johnson's presidency. Find out who served as secretary of state, defense, treasury, and other key positions from 1963 to 1969.
La présidence de Lyndon B. Johnson débuta le 22 novembre 1963, date de l'investiture de Lyndon B. Johnson en tant que 36e président des États-Unis à la suite de l'assassinat de John F. Kennedy, et se termina le 20 janvier 1969.
